Transfer of Entrepreneurial succession in family business - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2790 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The main objective of this research proposal is to analyse how the entrepreneurial activity of family businesses continue over generations. The transfer of vision, reason and the extent to which it converts into entrepreneurship across different generations of the family business area will be critically analysed. Research Questions Rationale Many articles have identified few issues that come up when a business is given from the owner to its next generation. This research proposal will examine the background of developing family research and project found research about succession. The continuation of innovation and entrepreneurial behaviour from one generation to the next has been interpreted as entrepreneurial succession. It is necessary to perform further research about the management and strategic planning process of entrepreneurial succession. Fletcher observed that there is an underdeveloped important research area about the overlap and bond of entrepreneurship in family businesses. It can be demonstrated by a founder transferring his/her goal to the next generation through the process of succession, keeping in mind the successors primary vision for the betterment of the business. Hoy and Verser stressed to perform further research on members of the family receiving the vision of the founder. As outlined ear lier, despite having literature about succession issues available, the integration between entrepreneurship and family business literature is lacking. Family operations are known to be unique and feature succession processes. According to the studies of Davis, there is a certain positive moving force family businesses possess towards entrepreneurial activities. However, stability of the enterprise and perpetuity could possibly result in expansion and development of new economic sustained investment goals. With further research, discussions and analysis, family business will be strengthened. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Transfer of Entrepreneurial succession in family business" essay for you Create order Questions This research gives a clear understanding of the relationship between generational entrepreneurship and the link with family businesses. It shall be expressed on theoretically as well as empirically. The primary reason to observe family businesses is because majority of businesses these days are owned by families. The following questions have come across due to the obvious breach in family business literature. What guarantee does a family business have that entrepreneurial activity shall continue over generations? Are the current leaders threatened about the upcoming generations being more entrepreneurial? Is there a possibility to learn from the positive experiences demonstrated in family businesses through their succession process? The above questions are all linked towards the succession inquiry of family business.it focuses on the importance, purpose and the vision of entrepreneurship. The last question focuses on how an individual can learn about the process of suc cession, problems involved, issues concerned in family businesses. It hardly emphasises on appreciating the family business positive aspects. Literature Review The accustomed influences of ambitious businesses absorb the action of an individual or a family that accept an ambition and usually acquire agnate values. For a family business, the literature demonstrates that values ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹are fundamentally agnate and may be less of an obstacle to the construction of a team of people with altered ideals. However, the access of the founder may actuate how much they are willing to permit outsiders to participate in the business, while Cowling and Westhead (1998) argue that there could be a delay in family businesses if the administration of the family is reluctant to raise  alien funds due to the fear of losing family control. Although there are abounding positives in accepting the business of your family, there is an affirmation of threats to the model. Lansberg (1999) expresses an accepted affair to be dreams not actuality coinciding amid spouses, ancestors and added members of the family. This can advance to acute animosity that can balloon to the apparent and present as resentment, argument and abysmal regrets. The statistics of ownership for the intergenerational family businesses also possess threats. According to Smyrnios Dana (2007), 3/4th of businesses investigated are usually family businesses with the greater part being the first generation, further on halving to the second and third generation. This demonstrates that there is a reduction in family intergenerational involvement. This pathetic agenda is of great concern to family businesses, and in aspect black accustomed that the capital blackmail to the business may be the ancestors members. Davis can be accustomed as the first to bring forward the succession of entrepreneurship. He considers the entrepreneur as an important being who not alone can innovate and handle risks, but observes that the anew formed alignment is successfully functioning where the administration action can be given to others.it is without further doubt, He honed in the family business to research the arising issues of business succession when he saw the family as the most stabilized yet standard unit of social alignment in traditional society. It is this aggregate of family business, succession and entrepreneurship that lead us to the connection of this study. One of the abounding problems of a business is to recreate their advantage over competitors to overcome delay or disappearance. The entrepreneurship relationship with family business turns out to be amusing when observed in the ambience of a succession process. Keeping the ambitious spirit beyond generations is a main concern. The vision and entrepreneurship turn out to be alike based on the artistic and innovative aspects of each.as observed by Schwass, the preparation of the next-generation leaders have to be adjusted as a way of thinking and a goal that is implemented over a period of time.  The reason being familie s increase quickly, boosting up the number of owners and stakeholders and altering market conditions need continuous adjustment and renewal. The vision of the business should be developed, implemented and completely altered by generations that have been/are successive to bring about growth and provide the business with the sense of ownership. The future leaders should be viewed as powerful individuals and recognized as entrepreneurs for the betterment of the family business growth. Schwass divided the family business into three categories. The family business that is transitory would be the first. This category of family business fades off early in the second generation. A Mere example of this type of family business is a business that does not have the ephemeral from a single business to a collective family business. Basically a business that does not have a proper value based vision. The next category of family business would be the type of business that goes on for generations over generations but has to go through delay or no growth. This is known as preserving or maintaining family business. Usually these types of business occur in farms. The category that is the most appropriate to this proposal research would be the entrepreneurial business. Unlike the above ancestors businesses, the ambitious family business has added complication due to a substantive view that family associates gain certain benefits by preserving the business together. This type of family business is a solution to the type of people who consider there is no future for their type of family business. Entrepreneurship abstract focuses on the start-up of the business and tends to avoid the hypothesis that the administrator accordingly goes through retirement and needs to give the business to a successor. It is necessary in the abstract review for an understanding of circuitous and activating attributes of an entrepreneurial succession in family business. It is also necessary to underst and the family changes, founder changes, and company changes over time. Methodology This section can be subdivided into three sections, philosophical, methodical, and the research contribution. The first part I am going to analyse would be the philosophical. This research will be philosophically interpretive. There has been an access in the social sciences for qualitative analysis but under the research of entrepreneurship it has been represented below the mark according to Hindle. A qualitative access is applicable to entrepreneurship as well as family businesses at a level of methodology. Family business analysis can also be related to this. There is a necessity to utilize qualitative methods to a greater extent in the analysis of entrepreneurship. MacMillan (1988) performed a review which exhibited that in the analysis of entrepreneurship, the qualitative methods were lacking. The apathetic advance in analysis has been pretty disappointing as it addresses problems of casualty to entrepreneurship. The challenges in the future and the research of the model use d in the analysis of entrepreneurship will be methodology which serves to be explanatory, driven theoretically, and multiple methods utilization. Usually in the history of methodology analysis, surveys, interviews, descriptive, case studies, etc. were recommended. The perspectives of interpretation are highlighted through qualitative analysis as the knowledge to borrow from various disciplines. A qualitative researcher is given many added analogies; they are referred to as filmmakers, manufacturer of blankets or an individual who gathers images into a collage. On the other hand, Quantitative research dont have a subjective approach, they tend to have more of an objective approach. It carries the view of figures, reality and measurements in a positive manner.it can also be said that few of the objectivity have a possibility to be presumed when analysed qualitatively, although there is a tendency to be more indulged by the researcher on the subject, resulting into the objectivit y lacking.an inquiry that is interpretive in nature is required for a sustainable process like succession in entrepreneurship. It exposes a certain depth.as mentioned earlier, the need to borrow from various disciplines needs to be revealed as it is overlapping and intersecting.eg. Business run by family overlapping and intersecting entrepreneurship, family businesses clashing with succession issues, and most of all entrepreneurship and succession. The analysis in which the research will be conducted is an important part to be considered. As stated above, clearly there is evidence of problems, issues, difficulties, conflicts, etc. in businesses run by families from the literature and also suggested through the tradition that is being analysed, rather than investigations into what is performing well. This in return has resulted into the inquiry which is appreciative in nature. This is a good type of inquiry to choose because it evaluates the firm in a future minded way. According to Whitney Stavros, It is assumed that each firm has its strengths  and sections that function well, and that through this type of research, positivity can be created in the firm. Further on, discussions shall be held regarding the strategies that are utilized in the inquiry. Interviews are considered as a crucial source to abstract information of such sort. There are two types of tasks that are a must to carry out in the process of an interview according to Yin.The first type would be to chase a band of inquiry, which would be an inquiry that is appreciative. The second type would be to ask real questions in an  impartial manner which is necessary for the research. The interview questions be open and encourage debate unsolicited.one of the advantages of collection of data through the utilization of interviews is that it concentrates mainly on the topic concerned and is insightful. However, the disadvantage of using interviews as a mode of data collection is that i f the questions concerned are not well framed, there is a possibility of it being inaccurate due to inadequate specification or artlessly the interviewer apprehends exactly what the interviewee says. Alongside, Historical data shall additionally be collected by the process, especially to award out the business and its founder history. Potential successors or founders are the main people the interviews are proposed towards. It serves as the studies main contribution. The contributions that tend to be practical include comprehending the system of a family business that is entrepreneurial in nature. Detailed research and recommendations performed explaining the succession overlap, entrepreneurship and family businesses. Also it provides a body of framework for the family business. Ethical issues Interviews are very useful for the process of collecting data despite there being a disadvantage when it comes to the inaccuracy and researchers prejudice due to poor retrieval. Interv iews have a similar way of consent just like the focus groups, but there is an altered dynamic when the process if facilitated.it will be a formal consent which shall be performed through an agreement that is written in form. This written consent agreement shall identify the extent and limitations to interview these people. Audio as well as video recording shall be performed of the participants, which consent shall be taken. The family business analysis shall be divided into four categories. The first would be the consent that is informative. This type of consent involves the voluntary participants agreeing to have the information completely open and in full. The second consent would be the way information is extracted from the participants; under no circumstance should it be gathered by means of deception or any sort of misrepresentation. The third category would be the respect for confidential matters and the uphold of privacy. Although there is a slight hitch to this; Privacy pro tection would be pointless if there is no accordance on what is private and what is accessible. The last category would be the necessity to have a certain assurance that the information being provided is accurate and has not been omitted, fabricated, or any of the materials are fraud. These four categories are applicable to data collection and observation techniques as well. A good example would be observation performed on the site with no script, it results in information being interpretive and it solely relies on information being gathered through regular note taking. In such a situation, accuracy can be a drawback as there is no immediate note of real time circumstances. Referencing Astrachan, J. H., Shanker, M. C. (2003). Family businesses contribution to the U.S. economy: A closer look. Family Business Review, 16(3), 211. Brockhaus, R. H. (1994). Entrepreneurship and family business research: Comparisons, critique, and lessons. Entrepreneurship: Theory Practice, 19(1), 14. Christians, C. G. (2005). Ethics and politics in qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The Sage handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed., pp. 131-164). Thousand Oaks: Sage. Cohen, L., Manion, L., Morrison, K. (2001). Research methods in education (5th ed.). New York: RoutledgeFalmer. Collingwood, R. G. (1976). Essays in the philosophy of essays. Austin: University of Texas Press. Cooperrider, D. L., Whitney, D., Stavros, J. M. (2003). Appreciative Inquiry Handbook: The first in a series of AI workbooks for leaders of change. Bedford Heights: Lakeshore Publishers. Davis, S. M. (1968). Entrepreneurial succession. Administrati ve Science Quarterly, 13(3),15. Denzin, N. K., Lincoln, Y. S. (2005a). Introduction. In N. K. Denzin Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.),The Sage handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed., pp. 1-32). Thousand Oaks: Sage. Denzin, N. K., Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (2005b). The Sage handbook of qualitative research(3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage. Dyer, W. G., Wilkins, A. L. (1991). Better stories, not better constructs, to generate better theory: A rejoiner to Eisenhardt. Academy of Management Review, p. 613, Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532-550. Eisenhardt, K. M. (1991). Better stories and better constructs: The case for rigor and comparative logic. Academy of Management Review, 16(3), 620. Fletcher, D. (2004). Organisational (re)emergance and entrepreneurial development in a second-generation family firm. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour Research, 10(1/2), 34-48. Handler, W. C. (1994). Succession in Family Business: A Review of the Research Family Business Review, 7(2), 25. Hindle, K. (2004). Choosing qualitative methods for entrepreneurial cognition research: A canonical development approach. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(6), 575- 607. Hoy, F., Verser, T. G. (1994). Emerging business, emerging field: entrepreneurship and the family firm. Entrepreneurship: Theory Practice, 19(1), 15. Kamberelis, G., Dimitriadis, G. (2005). The Sage handbook of qualitative research. In N.K. Denzin Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), (3rd ed., pp. 887-907). Thousand Oaks: Sage. Kets de Vries, M. F. R. (1993). The dynamics of family controlled firms: The good and the bad news. Organizational Dynamics, 21(3), 59-71. Lansberg, I. (1999). Succeeding Generations: Realizing the dream of families in business.Boston: Harvard. Low, M. B., MacMillan, I. C. (1988). Entrepreneurship: Past research and future challenges. Journal of Management, 14(2), 139- 161. Merriam, S. B. (1998). Qualitative research and case study applications in education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Miles, M., Huberman, A. (1994). Qualitative data analysis. Thousand Oaks: Sage. Richardson, L. (1998). Writing: A method of inquiry. In N. Denzin Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Collecting and interpreting qualitative materials (pp. 354-371). Thousand Oaks:Sage. Schwass, J. (2005). Wise growth strategies in leading family businesses. Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan. Stake, R. (1995). Art of case study research. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Weick, K. (1995a). Sensemaking in organisations. Thousand Oaks: Sage. Weick, K. (1995b). What theory is not, theorizing is. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40(3), 385-390. Westhead, P., Cowling, M. (1998). Family firm research: The need for a methodological rethink. Entrepreneurship: Theory Practice, 23(1), 31-56. Woodfield, P. J. (2008, 8 February). Intergenerational entrepreneurship in family b usiness. Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Ancient Greece A Single Political Body - 850 Words

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Cypress Alignment and Hr Strategy Free Essays

Cypress Semiconductor Qn: Is the Cypress strategy aligned with its HR strategy? Why or why not? Cypress Semiconductor’s strategy mainly focuses on: †¢Winning: Provide the best and does not tolerate losing. oHiring the best people oReward based on meritocracy oMaximizing revenue †¢Innovation oLeading the innovation: best product, lowest pricing. oConstantly improving. We will write a custom essay sample on Cypress: Alignment and Hr Strategy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Alignment to HR strategy Areas that the Cypress strategy aligns with its HR strategy: 1. Ownership Threats employees like entrepreneurs. Allowing employees to run the business like their own actually gave them empowerment and vested interest to do their personal best for their job. Positive results are treated with high return and recognition. This also in turn ensured maximum revenue and profits for their projects. 2. Career Opportunities Cypress Semiconductor is extremely aggressive to hire the best fit of people for their business. They will go to lengths of hiring the best people and pay them adequate compensation to retain them in the company. 3. Compensation Meritocracy in nature, the compensation scheme maintains that outstanding performers are rewarded, non-performers are eliminated. Stock options were given to performers to instill a sense of ownership in the company and the last 3% are deemed as non-performing and are unacceptable. 4. Hiring The almost military clock-work style in their hiring actions quick and precise. Offering at onset of the interview is an aggressive style in hiring and would probably a unique and effective way to get the people they want. Basically, Cypress is hiring people with the winning mentality, they are more likely to be looking for leaders in the hiring process. They will hire the people who can make quick and tough decisions and the candidates they hire are already pre-selected. The whole process of hiring I feel is indeed indigenous as it is self-eliminating. Survival of the toughest ensured that the best in the industry joined. Areas that the Cypress strategy that does not align with its HR strategy: 1. ‘Killer’ software This system was in placed to help track and improve performance without the development of a bureaucracy in place. Eventually, the system caused the company to focus its attention to bad performance and eliminates the lower tail distribution, the non performing people. This in itself is bureaucratic and military as it does not have a single tolerance to failure. The increased monitoring under the ‘killer’ software became micro-managing in the whole process of performance measure. 2. Goals system This system was set to allow project driven process, that has speed and agility. And was supposed to help teams solve problems and dissolve conflicts. However the feedbacks were negative rather than constructive and highlights failures more than successes. This may not be useful for their annual staff review. 3. No failure tolerance The tough and intensive work environment created by Cypress was not for everyone. The stress faced by employees who do not fit is high. There are no other ways to help and retain these people. This tough and competitive environment contributed to the lack of sensitivity towards employees and customers. How to cite Cypress: Alignment and Hr Strategy, Essay examples

Lost Boy Essay Example For Students

Lost Boy Essay Dave Peltzer the author of The Lost Boy tells his story from the time he left hisabusive mother and alcoholic father, through his experiences in five foster homes andjuvenile detention, and how he eventually made it into the Air Force. He was a defiant,rebellious boy who, despite his background and personality, managed to endear himselfto many guardians, social workers, and teachers. Pelzer writes in an honest, sometimesrambling, style; he is never bitter, and his story will find many sympathetic readers. Themain purpose for Dave to write this book is to show at what lengths children andadolescents have gone to over come the unmentionable hardships of and abusive family. The three most valuable things I have learned from this book are very hard tochoose. The book was full of many things to help me in my everyday life. Ranging fromhow to deal with kids who have be through abusive situations to how kids of abuse act ingeneral. The first one has to be, Dave was very tactful in how he ha ndled his thoughts andfeelings. Many children his age are running around chasing girls and hanging with theguys. Not him he was studying hard and trying to be better than his parents were. Hewould always squander away what he had, so no one could take what was rightfully hisand that includes his life. The second thing that was useful was how Dave was neverangry with his situation he would just look at it as another challenge. Many times throughout the book Dave would have to change foster homes after being fairly settled in theway of living there. Most teens his age cant handle a great deal of change but Davewould just go with the flow and never bat an eye lash. The third most valuable thing hasto be his willingness to help. I would think that since no one would help him he wouldnot help anyone else. On the contrary, Dave was always helping with chores, makingdinner, and doing little extra things he didnt have to do. I later found out through readingthe book that Daves willingness t o help stems from his need to feel loved and wanted. I can honestly say that I could never have gone through the painstaking trials andtribulations Dave went though while he was in his teen yes. It take a special person to dothat and Dave is that special person. PARENTING TECHNIQUESDaves mother was a very troubled woman who for some unknown reason liked totarget Dave and blame him for any and all bad things that happened. His mother was andAuthoritative and neglectful at the same time. Some may say how can one parent be onboth extremes of things but there are a few instance with in the book which shows both. For example Daves mother would make him do all the chores and never was aloud toplay. For some reason even if Dave finished what he was told to do in the time he wastold to do it he would not be fed or worse he would be part of his mother Games andTest. His mothers Games and Tests range from putting him in freezing cold water for5 hours at a time to making him sit on the garage steps with his hands under his bottomhead strait a head for up to 36 hours at a time no food, bathroom, shower or other needs tolive. Dave was saved from this horror when he was 15 but he was in foster care and theparenting techniques ranged from authoritarian to indulgent, but anything was better thanwhat he had endured at his mothers house. .u5cd6aef2be4ac77d9250387a2ad3286e , .u5cd6aef2be4ac77d9250387a2ad3286e .postImageUrl , .u5cd6aef2be4ac77d9250387a2ad3286e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5cd6aef2be4ac77d9250387a2ad3286e , .u5cd6aef2be4ac77d9250387a2ad3286e:hover , .u5cd6aef2be4ac77d9250387a2ad3286e:visited , .u5cd6aef2be4ac77d9250387a2ad3286e:active { border:0!important; } .u5cd6aef2be4ac77d9250387a2ad3286e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5cd6aef2be4ac77d9250387a2ad3286e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5cd6aef2be4ac77d9250387a2ad3286e:active , .u5cd6aef2be4ac77d9250387a2ad3286e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5cd6aef2be4ac77d9250387a2ad3286e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5cd6aef2be4ac77d9250387a2ad3286e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5cd6aef2be4ac77d9250387a2ad3286e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5cd6aef2be4ac77d9250387a2ad3286e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5cd6aef2be4ac77d9250387a2ad3286e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5cd6aef2be4ac77d9250387a2ad3286e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5cd6aef2be4ac77d9250387a2ad3286e .u5cd6aef2be4ac77d9250387a2ad3286e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5cd6aef2be4ac77d9250387a2ad3286e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Oedipus Trilogy EssayDELINQUENCYDave in his teen years was for the most part a very well behaved boy. He wasworking hard in school and kept to himself for the most part. Although Dave did have asmall problem he like to take things with out asking or stealing. Daves stealing habitsstem from his basic survival needs that he instinctively put up when his mother wouldmake him go with out food, water, and basic sanitation. Dave at times would also lashout at his foster families so that they would not get to close to him. In some cases whenDave would lash out he would be put into another foster home and have to readjust tothings again. Dave usually liked to lash out he thought h e didnt need anyone just himself. He could handle himself since he could handle his mother Games and Tests. Davesdelinquent actions are fairly normal of abused and neglected teens. Dave was also justbeing a normal teen trying find himself in a world that had not found him for almost 12years. DEPRESSIONDave did have a great deal of depression in his life. He would think why does mymother treat me like I am a piece of *censored*? Daves depression stemmed from he long oursof being with himself. He had many hours, day, months, and years to think about what hehad done. His mother made him out to be an evil unwanted child who was worthless. Dave thought the main reason his mother didnt like him and his father wouldnt talk tohim any more that he had failed as a son. Not till Dave was in foster care and his fosterparents brought him to a therapist did Dave realize what had happened to him was to hisfault and Dave was a normal boy. His mother was suffering from alcoholism and manicdepression and her outlasted were targeted at him cause he was his fathers pride and joy. His father ignored him to please his wife (Daves mother). His father also started drinkingto drowned his sorrows. SUICIDEYou would think that since Dave was so brutally abused and his own motherstabbed him almost to death with out even drinking him to the hospital he would havewanted even once to kill himself. I know that if anyone did anything like Daves motherdid to me and I had to change homes 7 different times and had kids picking on me cause Ismelled or I didnt have a real mom or dad I would want to kill myself. Not Dave, he onlyworked harder to live and please anyone including his mother so that in hopes she wouldstop this unlawful actions against him. Not once did Dave even want to end his lifeinstead of thinking negatively he would say When I get older and out of here, I will be abetter man I will be the man my father once was. Dave during his time at his mothershouse always held his dad on a pedestal. No mater what happened Daves dad wasSuperman to him. Dave would think of f lying away with his dad to a better place wherehe would be a person not just a Child called It (Peltzers first book). Dave also vowedthat if her were to kill himself that he would only be surrendering to him mothers wishesand even though he tired to please his mother that is the one thing he would not let herhave was his well deserved life. ANOREXIA-BULIMIA NERVOSAThe way Daves mother treated him is shocking. There was one way that Davesmother had complete control over him and that was what he could and couldnt eat. Mostof the time Dave was not permitted to eat. When Dave went to school he would stealother kids lunches so that he could eat food that was not spoiled. Dave did get in troublefor this sever times. After the third time Daves mother made him run home faster than allthe other children and vomit in to the toilet to see if he had stolen. Daves mother wouldsome make him eat rotten pork and chicken one every 3 weeks that is the only food hewould get and if Dave purged he would have another Game and Test to do for hismother. Dave had become so good at hiding what he had ate that he would vomit beforehe left school so that he could at least enjoy his home or at least what home he had. Daveat times would try to steal food that his brothers didnt eat but if he was caught he wouldhave to go in the tub of ice water or d eal with the pneumonia and bleach combination inthe bathroom with no ventilation. When Dave made is way out of his mother house intofoster care. Dave would try to salvage food so that if by chance the foster family wouldnot let him eat he would be able to have food. If Dave was caught with the food he hadtaken and his foster family went to talk to him he would go to the bathroom and vomit sothat he would please them. .u6c1e23433a289c08d50e3dc801d368eb , .u6c1e23433a289c08d50e3dc801d368eb .postImageUrl , .u6c1e23433a289c08d50e3dc801d368eb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6c1e23433a289c08d50e3dc801d368eb , .u6c1e23433a289c08d50e3dc801d368eb:hover , .u6c1e23433a289c08d50e3dc801d368eb:visited , .u6c1e23433a289c08d50e3dc801d368eb:active { border:0!important; } .u6c1e23433a289c08d50e3dc801d368eb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6c1e23433a289c08d50e3dc801d368eb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6c1e23433a289c08d50e3dc801d368eb:active , .u6c1e23433a289c08d50e3dc801d368eb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6c1e23433a289c08d50e3dc801d368eb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6c1e23433a289c08d50e3dc801d368eb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6c1e23433a289c08d50e3dc801d368eb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6c1e23433a289c08d50e3dc801d368eb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6c1e23433a289c08d50e3dc801d368eb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6c1e23433a289c08d50e3dc801d368eb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6c1e23433a289c08d50e3dc801d368eb .u6c1e23433a289c08d50e3dc801d368eb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6c1e23433a289c08d50e3dc801d368eb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Women In Combat (426 words) EssayI feel Dave Peltzer has been through an unimaginable childhood and adolescentlife. I think the book is a heart felt story of a boys struggle for acceptance and aiming toplease those around him. I feel if anyone can over come what Dave has over come thatwhat he tells is accurate in the most scary way possible. Scary in a sense that anyonecould handle such hard ships and still be alive to tell about it. Dave was stabbed,poisoned, neglected, beaten, uprooted from him home at age 15, bounced from fosterhome to foster home without having a real place to call home. I think that this book addressed the real things that happen to a child of abuse. Forthere initial home life to the bounce from foster care home to home. The real issue in thebook that child abuse is everywhere in every degree. Some are hidden ways such asverbal and some are so extreme that a child has no where to turn but to the abuse itself. This book more than anyone could imagine my anticipations and expectationswere met 120%. The book was very descriptive and helpful on how to deal with teens incrisis. I would recommend this book and Dave Peltzers other two books. The main reason isthat the book describes Daves journey to find acceptance and a place to call home really touchedmy soul. The tears I cry for all the kids out there that need a voice to be heard. Mrs. Gold is Godsend She was Daves social worker she took the time to understand Daves story and be his voicefor him. We need more people in the Human Services field like the ones who have helped Davein his journey. This book is a good book for people who work in any type of Human Service jobsuch as a YMCA or a foster family just to show at what lengths kids will go to be safe and saved. Psychology Essays

A Short Quiz About Emphasis

A Short Quiz About Emphasis A Short Quiz About Emphasis A Short Quiz About Emphasis By Mark Nichol In each of the following sentences, there is a deviation from one of the conventions about how to convey emphasis in writing. Identify the error, and then check below for corrected versions followed by explanations. 1. â€Å"So-called ‘notification laws’ require businesses to notify customers when certain unencrypted customer data is improperly accessed.† 2. â€Å"Thus the question is not one of quality, but of quantity.† 3. â€Å"I suppose this was the moment when I was supposed to experience a sensation of ‘being one with the universe,’ but I just wasn’t feeling it.† 4. â€Å"With a strident vigor that arrested the attention of all present, she shouted, ‘YOU JUST DON’T GET IT, DO YOU?’† 5. â€Å"After seeing this movie, I just have one thing to say: ‘I want those two hours of my life back!!!’† Answers 1. â€Å"So-called notification laws require businesses to notify customers when certain unencrypted customer data is improperly accessed.† Explanation: Quotation marks employed to highlight a word or phrase, known as scare quotes, are almost invariably unnecessary, and are redundant to the phrase so-called. (Note that in the previous sentence, I didn’t enclose the introduced slang term â€Å"scare quotes† as I explained, these quotation marks are superfluous. However, I did use quotation marks around the phrase in this parenthesis, just as I italicized so-called above and here because that’s how open phrases and words or hyphenated phrases, respectively, are styled when used as names of concepts rather than as the concepts themselves.) 2. â€Å"Thus the question is not one of quality, but of quantity.† Explanation: Italicization of key words can be appropriate but is often overused. Use your judgment to determine whether your point needs such emphasis or whether you can rely on readers to get it without special treatment of words. Usually, they will, and if you doubt it, perhaps your point needs to be expressed more clearly. 3. â€Å"I suppose this was the moment when I was supposed to experience a sensation of Being One with the Universe, but I just wasn’t feeling it.† Explanation: Using quotation marks in this case isn’t necessarily the wrong approach, and it’s appropriate if someone a guru, for instance previously used these words, but if the intent is mockery, sarcasm, or irony, it may not be effective. Using headline-style initial capital letters is the conventional approach for conveying such a tone. 4. â€Å"With a strident vigor that arrested the attention of all present, she shouted, ‘You just don’t get it, do you!’† Explanation: Except in display copy (headlines, headings, and the like), using all capital letters is an awkward distraction. Let the narrative carry the emphasis; note that in the sample sentence, thanks to the expressive description in the introductory phrase, the quotation could even get by with a question mark alone (though, because it’s a rhetorical question, the exclamation point is suitable). 5. â€Å"After seeing this movie, I just have one thing to say: ‘I want those two hours of my life back.’† Explanation: Again, let the narrative do the work. Multiple exclamation points have no place in writing, except to mimic a hormone-addled adolescent. And avoid even single exclamation points; usually, they’re extraneous, and if they’re not, they’re probably a crutch for inexpressive writing. Isn’t the deadpan tone implied by the lack of an exclamation point in the sample sentence above more effective than the impotent peevishness that an exclamation point would suggest? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a UK Business LetterWhat's a Male Mistress?The "Pied" in The Pied Piper

Vladimir Zworykin essays

Vladimir Zworykin essays Cathode Ray Tube (called the kinescope in 1929) Born in Murom, 200 miles east of Moscow, Zworykin at age nine started spending summers as an apprentice aboard the boats his father operated on the Oka River. He eagerly helped repair electrical equipment, and it soon became apparent that he was more interested in electricity than anything nautical. At the Imperial Institute of Technology, Boris Rosing, a professor in charge of laboratory projects, became friendly with the young student engineer and let him work on some of his private projects. Rosing was trying to transmit pictures by wire in his own physics laboratory. He and his young assistant experimented with a primitive cathode-ray tube, developed in Germany by Karl Ferdinand Braun. Significant Dates and Related History of Develpments which preceded the invention: Zworykin invented the cathode-ray tube called the kinescope in 1929 Zworykin also invented the iconoscope in 1923 a tube for television transmission used in the first cameras. On November 18, 1929, at a convention of radio engineers, Zworykin demonstrated a television receiver containing his kinescope. The only preceding technology to this was the work he did in the Imperial Institute of Technology with Boris Rosing. There is no way to measure the impact of the Television on or society. It plays an important part in almost everything we do. It has somewhat balanced the transportation of media so giving all members of our society the same information in a timely and informative manner. TV has influenced us in so many ways its impossible to list. Not a day goes by when most people have seen at least half an hour of Television. Most recent developments and/or changes in the invention: We have moved from the basic black and white screen to projection Televisions to movie theaters. The cathode ray tube has been adapted to be u ...

Tibet Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tibet - Research Paper Example (Bawden, 1989, p 45) Not the entire minorities declare to be 'stateless', yet if they claim a separate identity. States identify minority nationalities and ethnic groups to diverse degrees: recognizing definite cultural and linguistic rights, as well as allowing definite political independence. History In 1720, the Chinese army entered Tibet and broke settling down in Lhasa, the massacre of the Mongols, and the result was the accession to the throne of the seventh Dalai Lama Keltsanga Gyatso. As a reward for his help, Chinese annexed the Tibetan region of Amdo. China had continued to compulsively meddle in the internal affairs of Tibet, gradually pushing the Dalai Lama from the direct control of the state and in the case of willingly helping Tibet with troops. These kinds of political symbiosis Chinese historians use to prove that Tibet is historically part of China. At the same time, the Thirteenth Dalai Lama wrote: "The relationship between Tibet and China are similar to the relati onship between the priest and his patron and was not based on subordination of one another." (Bawden, 1989, p 45) Sort of a key point in the development (and complications) Sino-Tibetan relations was recognition of Great Britain and Russia in 1907, Tibet area of exceptional interest of China. The result was the invasion of 1910 and the expulsion of the Thirteenth Dalai Lama, who fled to India. Languages Tibetan languages are a bunch of jointly incoherent Tibeto-Burman dialects voiced mainly by Tibetan peoples who reside over a broad locality of to the east Central Asia neighboring South Asia, encompassing the Tibetan Plateau and the to the north Indian subcontinent in Nepal, Ladakh, Baltistan, Bhutan and Sikkim. The academic in writing pattern is a foremost local scholarly dialect, especially for its use in Buddhist literature. For political causes, the dialects of cantered Tibet (as well as Lhasa), Amdo, and Khams in China are advised dialects of a lone Tibetan dialect, while Sherp a, Dzongkha, Ladakhi, and Sikkimese are usually advised to be distinct dialects, whereas their speakers may address themselves to be ethnically Tibetan. However, this does not contemplate linguistic reality: Dzongkha and Sherpa, for demonstration, are nearer to Lhasa Tibetan than Amdo or Khams are. Tibetan is as well voiced by bunch of ethnic minorities in the country who have dwelled in slam proximity to Tibetans for decades, but regardless keep their own cultures and dialects. Although the People’s Republic of China categorizes a few of the Qiangic peoples of Kham as cultural Tibetans, Qiangic dialects are not Tibetan, although rather pattern their own agency of the Tibeto-Burman dialect family. (Kvaerne, 1981, p 250 - 251) Traditional Tibetan was not a tonal dialect, but some diversity for example Khams and Central Tibetan have evolved tone. (Ladakhi/Balti and Amdo without tone) Tibetan morphology can usually be recounted as agglutinative, whereas traditional Tibetan was m ostly analytic. Tibet religion Lamaism or Tibetan Buddhism is the corpse of Buddhist devout doctrine and organizations attribute of certain districts of the Himalayas and Tibet, encompassing to the north Nepal, India and Bhutan (particularly in Lahaul, Ladakh, Dharamsala, Arunachal Pradesh, and Spiti in Sikkim and Himachal Pradesh). It is the religion of Bhutan country, It is

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and its relation to the Bible Essay

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and its relation to the Bible - Essay Example Watson to read and learn about significant people in the Bible. Mark Twain satirizes the misuse of Christianity by depicting Christian’s lack of understanding, hypocrisy, and over-reliance of text by using Hulk as the most moral character. Christianity values are integrated in American history and tend to act as the driving force of the American culture; these are the values that Mark Twain is able to satirize while indicating views that have been altered through time (Web). Twain utilizes many situations in the story to compare his characters and real people by giving his characters a very realistic tone. He has successfully satirized real people and showed how hypocrites Christians can be. Huck is presented as the most moral character in the novel; this role is also played well by Jim. Interestingly, there rest of the characters is unable to understand such kind of moral presented by and the only evident thing is his exterior character (Twain Web). In The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn, Huck’s father is thought to be dead and a woman named Window Douglas, portrayed as a kind Christian, takes care of him, and teaches him bible stories (Twain Web). Widow Douglas is committed in civilizing Huck as she takes care of him out of goodness and urges him to live a good life and pray often without expecting any reimbursement from him. However, later in the story, Huck runs away with Miss Watson’s property, feels guilty for stealing, and believes he will go to hell for helping Jim escape (Berkove & Csicsila 81-85). Such kind of belief is believed to have been contributed by the teachings he got from Widow Douglas. Widow Douglas and Miss Watson are depicted as having a very controlled Christian mold from people and with their fixed idea; they are trying to adopt Huck to fit this mold (Ezekiel 33:31). They feel that Huck’s physical attributes are not in line with Christian

Overseas holiday project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Overseas holiday project - Research Paper Example Now I will discuss the shortest time needed to complete this project. I have studied this project in a very comprehensive way and got that the obtain passport activity takes the 15 days and plan itinerary takes 10 days. If process fast then I think that we can get 5 days from obtaining passport activity, and 8 days from the planned itinerary. Then buy special clothes takes 3 days, we can complete this activity in one day, in the similar way we have study brochures activity that is taking 5 days, we can cut down this activity to 2 days. In this way, I have saved the 18 days. Now we work more rapidly than we can complete this project in 33 days. So it is the shortest possible time to complete this project. In this project, the main considerations that we have to place on the things that can affect the planned time allowed for the project are the activity of the obtaining visa, and passport. There are lots of factors that can include in these two processes. If any one on of these two activities delays, then we can have the problem regarding the project completed on time. So we have to concentrate on these two activities for the better project exaction with in time limits. The project planning and tracking tools like WBS, OBS, and CPA provide numerous facilities in the process of the project planning. For instance, WBS provides us a way to break down the complex and large project into the small components through which overall project execution becomes easier (Kernzer, 2003).

Geography Of The United Arab Emirates Environmental Sciences Essay

Geography Of The United Arab Emirates Environmental Sciences Essay The united arab emirates, which lies in the southeast of the Arabian Peninsula in Southwest Asia , is a union of seven emirates : Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm al-Quwain, Ras al-Khaimah and Fujairah. It is situated in Asia and is bordered by the Arabian Gulf from the north, Omman from the east, Sudi Arabia from both west and south sides. It also faces the Gulf of Omman from the northeast, Qatar from the northwest. The coastline, that runs along the Arabian gulf and the gulf of oman, is about 1,318 kilometers long. This makes Dubai, the pearl of the Gulf, a very important commercial centre. The total area of the United Arab Emirates is about 77.700 squares kilometers. The largest emirate is Abu Dhabi and the smallest one is Ajman. The country is mostly desert in the south and west areas with sand dunes, salt flats and some oases while the trucial coast has shallow seas, reefs, sandbars and islets. The only mountains in the emirates exist on the east coast in al Fujairah called Al Hajar mountains, the land there is suitable for agriculture and has been used for many years. The UNITED ARAB EMIRATES has no permanent rivers but it has two main important oases. http://www.United Arab Emiratesinteract.com/docs/An_oasis_in_the_heart_of_Al_Ain/18124.htm http://www.adach.ae/en/portal/heritage/alain.oasis.aspx Oases of the United Arab Emirates The UNITED ARAB EMIRATES has seven oases, two of them are very important and has underground water for permanent use. Al-Ain oasis, which is in Abu Dhabi emirate, is the largest one. This oasis has been developed and protected, people from around the world come to this place to see the date palms, fruit trees and beautiful sites. Since the land there is fertile and water is available, date and fruit production plays a part in the economy of Al Ain city which takes its name from the oasis. Liwa is another oasis in the emirate of Abu Dhabi and it also attracts tourists. Land Use of the UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Only 0.6% of land is considered arable, 2.3% is planted to permenant crops and about 720 square kilometers are irrigated. http://www.dubaidreams.net/562/about/animals-birds-plants-flowers-and-trees-dubai/ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/615412/United-Arab-Emirates/257038/Plant-and-animal-life http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-187664317/deal-protect-birds-prey.html http://www.epa.ae/philately/Philately-Stamps/UNITED ARAB EMIRATES-Stamps-Information.asp?TextFile=Y0509T Animals and plans in the United Arab Emirates The desert of the United Arab Emirates contains plants like shrubs, trees and bushes that are found in different places.The Ghaf is the most found tree in the United Arab Emirates. Trees in the United Arab Emirates have been used traditionally in areas related to health and medicines. Types of desert plants are Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Lycium shawii, Calotropis procera, Prosopis cineraria and Zizyphus spina-christi. The desert that surrounds Dubai has plans like wild grasses and date palms. Dates is the UNITED ARAB EMIRATESà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s main crop. Some plans like acacia and ghaf trees grow near the Western Hajar Mountains. In adittion to the desert, thw plam trees also grows in the gardens and parks within Dubai. In general, the plants growing in the United Arab Emirates are largly affected by the climate and the landscape of the emirates. For example, date plams usually grows near oases . As for animals, there are many like domesticated goats, sheep, and camels, together with cattle and poultry. There are predators in the wildlife such as the caracal, and red foxes. Some large animals also lives in the United Arab Emirates like Arabian oryx and Arabian and Persian gazelles. As well as small animals like the cape hare, lesser jerboa, and many types of gerbil; and a variety of snakes and lizards. In the waters of the United Arab Emirates lives many types of valuable fish and other kinds of sea creatures, although those creatures are becoming less by time due to human activities. There have been an identifation of about 13 bird areas in the United Arab Emirates , the most famous one is Khor Kalba on the border of United Arab Emirates-oman. The UNITED ARAB EMIRATES has made efforts to protect birds and has signed a Memorandum of Understanding in abu dhabi in order to protect the important and rare kinds of birds. http://www.mapsofworld.com/united-arab-emirates/geography/climate.html Climate of the United Arab Emirates Climate generally covers the information regarding temperature, humidity, wind, rainfall and other meteorological elements in a specific area over long periods of time. While climate can be compared to weather, weather can be defined as the day to day temperature and the precipitation activity. In general climate is the state of the atmospheric condition of an area over long periods of time. The United Arab Emirates is famous for its extremely hot and humid summer seasons while the winter seasons are moderate and pleasant. The months from May till September are very hot and the temperature can reach 45 C and exceed it, the months from December till march are comfortable, the average temperature is 28 C in daytime and 14 C at night. At Al Hajar mountains, the temperature is much lower due to the elevation and nature of landscape there. Climate in the United Arab Emirates is usually sub tropical arid. It tends to be warm in winter while hot and humid in summer. Humidity is very high and can reach more than 85% during summer time. Due to this climate conditions, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES has very little rain, averagely between 100 and 200 millimeters but in some mountainous areas the rainfall reaches 350 millimeters , the rain falls in short large quantities in summer time and the wettest months are February and March. The UNITED ARAB EMIRATES is characterized with frequent sand and dust storms which reduce visibility and cause problems such as blocking ship movements near the shore area. Desalinization can make up for the lack of fresh water resources . UNITED ARAB EMIRATES faces environmental problems such as desertification and beach pollution caused by oil spills. Dry northerly wind blows on the UNITED ARAB EMIRATES and it usually cools the air unless it was loaded with dust. There is also the eastern wind which is known to be short-term and humid. The UNITED ARAB EMIRATES becomes foggy in coastal areas because the air is saturated with water Climate can affect a lot of aspects on the planet such as the human health, plants and animals: Climate effects on human health: Climate changes can affect the planetsà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ geological, biological and ecological systems, and one of the important effects is on the human health, climate changes has let to large scale environmental hazards that affects the human health, and one of the most important ones is the depletion of the ozone layer, pressure on the food producing systems and the spread of the infectious diseases. Climate effects on Plants: Climate change can affect plants not only humans, the increase in temperature causes the plants to grow less than they are supposed to and produce less crops, and as the temperature becomes higher and higher the plants produce less and less till they stop producing due to the extreme heat. Changes in climate can have a positive side to it too, as in the colder areas when the temperature increases more plants will be able to grow for longer periods and produce more crops. Due to the fast change in the climate nowadays plants will have to adapt faster and more rapidly than they had to do before. Another effect on plants is drought (reduces rainfall). The availability of water can affect the production of crops directly. Climate effects on Animals: climate change can effect animals in extremely negative ways. Any changes in the environment in which an animal lives can drastically affect their lives as they are adapted to certain conditions. Mostly, its going to be those animals that are not easily able to adapt, specifically those that are endemic to a certain part of the world and those that are not very mobile species. Also, plants are an important part of animals life cycles. There are many animals that have evolved in a way that follows the life cycle of plants. A perfect example of this is pollinators and the flowers that they pollinate. If the flowers bloom before their pollinators are physiologically prepared this could cause a massive upset to the ecological system. http://www.atmosphere.mpg.de/enid/266.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/UNITED ARAB EMIRATES.pdf http://www.United Arab Emirates.ii5ii.com/showthread.php?t=51632 tourism Due to the beautiful landscapes of the UNITED ARAB EMIRATES tourists come mostly during winter months from around the world. They come by car, plane or ship especially to visit Dubai which is known to be an excellent host with luxurious hotels including the worldà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s tallest hotel. There are many projects being planned to be built in the UNITED ARAB EMIRATES. Some changes have been made in the waters of the UNITED ARAB EMIRATES to make such projects possible as in Al Nakhla project in Jumera. This project was named Al-Nakhla, which means plam, because it was created to look like a palm. It goes from Jumera beach for about 300 meters inside the gulf. The work began in 2002 with land reclamation and purification of soil to prepare the ground for building, which was introduced in 2006 , when the reclamination phase was finished, phase two began with implementation of the infrastructure in the project, bridges where used to connect the islands with the land with the rest of the palm shape. This proves the natural and man-made changing happening to the land and water of the UNITED ARAB EMIRATES. http://mcgsc.usgs.gov/publications/United Arab Emirates_poster.pdf Changing of UNITED ARAB EMIRATES landscape The landscape of the UNITED ARAB EMIRATES is under significant change. Through the use of irrigation and agricultural programs over the last 20 years or so, the country has transformed large amounts of sand desert into areas of green land vegetation and forests. While providing vegetables and animal fodder for the country. This action of greening is also affecting the groundwater resources, like draw-down of the water table, contamination of the ground water by agri-chemicals and land surface subsidence. UNITED ARAB EMIRATES-DESERTIFICATION: Control policy proves successful Att.Editors: The following item is by the United Arab Emirates news agency(WAM) ABU DHABI, May 16 (WAM) The United Arab Emirates (UNITED ARAB EMIRATES) desertification control and land reclamation policies have proven to have yielded fruit with the plantation of thousands of hectares of palm trees, woodlands and green belts, according to a recent report by the Abu Dhabi Municipality. The UNITED ARAB EMIRATESs efforts in this regard are one of the most successful experiences in the Arab and Gulf region in particular and at the global level in general, the report, issued by Abu Dhabi Municipalitys Forestry Section said. The most important advantage of the desertification control policy, the report adds, is the transformation of the desert from a once repulsive barren land into an area that has much appeal for inhabitants to live in. The nomadic and unsettled lifestyle of people has changed into a settled one with the economic, health, social and educational patterns also changing accordingly, the report notes. It draws attention to the fact that the strategy of growing forests in vast areas of land in the heart of the desert has provided habitat for man, flora and fauna, especially the once endangered wild animals such as rabbits, foxes and gazelles, which have considerably proliferated. New species of gazelle, namely the white deer and the Arabian Oryx, and other wild birds, such as falcons, doves and sparrows have been introduced, the report maintains. Laws barring hunting and shooting of animals and birds have been enacted in a bid to save these species from extinction. The Forestry section, the report says, is currently engaged in several projects such as Abu Dhabi-Zayed City highway, Ghayathy-Bidaa Zayed road and afforestation of the 140 km-long Hamim-Abu Dhabi road. The Municipalitys Forestry section is busy fencing 200 kilometers of land to be used as sanctuaries in the Western region. This is over and above the 51 already existing natural reserves in the region, the report emphasizes. The Abu Dhabi Municipality, the report points out, has been successful in planting several forests in the Emirate such as the 1500-hectare forest in Liwa and another 90-hectare one in Shamkhah. The aim of planting these forests and green belts, the report stresses, is to hold back desertification, improve environment and preserve endangered flora and fauna. Researches are being conducted to introduce new species of trees following the successful introduction of the jojoba tree in the region, the report points. (WAM)

Comparative Souls, Contrasting Beings: Frankenstein and His Creature Es

Frankenstein by Mary Shelley is a story about a man named Frankenstein who wants to understand the creation of life. He does not fail in understanding it and actually applies what he knows into making his own creature. However, the catch is that his creature is not anything as he imagines, he is far too physically deformed to be accepted as a good creature. Frankenstein abandons him and the creature takes on a life and mind of his own, but finds that no man will ever want to be around him. As the story separates the characters, the two come together and that is when one can compare and contrast them to each other. Thus, this story putting such opposite beings alongside each other makes room for ways they may be similar but also heightens how their natures influence their differences. Frankenstein has a weak mind for disaster; when the creature comes to life and later kills his friends and family, these disasters impair his mind. He falls into a â€Å"nervous fever† (38) when he first sees his creation and his shock debilitates his mind. Yet, his friend Clerval â€Å"called forth the better feelings† (45) he had possessed before making his creation, such as mental clarity and inclusion into the human world, not isolated in his mind. While Frankenstein does have â€Å"frequent relapses,† showing the profound horror he experienced was in looking at the deformed creature, he recovers and becomes normal again. However, as the very creature takes away his loved ones, Frankenstein’s situational mental dysfunction manifests and begins to show on his body as well: â€Å"[Elizabeth] welcomed me with warm affection; yet tears were in her eyes, as she beheld my emaciated frame and feverish cheeks...The tranquility which I now enjoyed did not endure.... ...ars. But his revenge can not nearly hold the same power as the creature’s, who prepares himself for an eternal battle between himself and his creator. The creature seeks to be human but cannot escape that he not only looks different but his capacities for rage and his mental acuteness are very much inhuman while Frankenstein is human and appears that way his mental weakness and large need for understanding the physical secrets of the world pull him away from men. He truly does not yearn as the creature does for men, and the creature does not yearn to understand anything beside men, the two are opposite because Frankenstein is so human and the creature is so inhuman. How they feel is important to compare, but what it all comes down to is how mentally, physically, and emotionally strong these two are, the creature ends up on top of it all. Comparative Souls, Contrasting Beings: Frankenstein and His Creature Es Frankenstein by Mary Shelley is a story about a man named Frankenstein who wants to understand the creation of life. He does not fail in understanding it and actually applies what he knows into making his own creature. However, the catch is that his creature is not anything as he imagines, he is far too physically deformed to be accepted as a good creature. Frankenstein abandons him and the creature takes on a life and mind of his own, but finds that no man will ever want to be around him. As the story separates the characters, the two come together and that is when one can compare and contrast them to each other. Thus, this story putting such opposite beings alongside each other makes room for ways they may be similar but also heightens how their natures influence their differences. Frankenstein has a weak mind for disaster; when the creature comes to life and later kills his friends and family, these disasters impair his mind. He falls into a â€Å"nervous fever† (38) when he first sees his creation and his shock debilitates his mind. Yet, his friend Clerval â€Å"called forth the better feelings† (45) he had possessed before making his creation, such as mental clarity and inclusion into the human world, not isolated in his mind. While Frankenstein does have â€Å"frequent relapses,† showing the profound horror he experienced was in looking at the deformed creature, he recovers and becomes normal again. However, as the very creature takes away his loved ones, Frankenstein’s situational mental dysfunction manifests and begins to show on his body as well: â€Å"[Elizabeth] welcomed me with warm affection; yet tears were in her eyes, as she beheld my emaciated frame and feverish cheeks...The tranquility which I now enjoyed did not endure.... ...ars. But his revenge can not nearly hold the same power as the creature’s, who prepares himself for an eternal battle between himself and his creator. The creature seeks to be human but cannot escape that he not only looks different but his capacities for rage and his mental acuteness are very much inhuman while Frankenstein is human and appears that way his mental weakness and large need for understanding the physical secrets of the world pull him away from men. He truly does not yearn as the creature does for men, and the creature does not yearn to understand anything beside men, the two are opposite because Frankenstein is so human and the creature is so inhuman. How they feel is important to compare, but what it all comes down to is how mentally, physically, and emotionally strong these two are, the creature ends up on top of it all.

Short Biography: Bartolome Esteban Murillo

Spanish Painter, Bartholomew Eastman Muriel Bartholomew Eastern Muriel. Self-portrait. C. 1672-75. 011 on canvas, National Gallery in London I-J. Bartholomew Eastman Muriel was born December 31 1967, he was born Into Christianity he was baptized on January 1, 1618 In Seville Spain. Muriel was the son of Marl Peres, his mother and Gasper Eastern his father who was a barber and surgeon In Seville Spain, Muriel had 13 siblings and he was the youngest one of them all.Muriel was eventually adopted by his relatives because he was not able to provide for himself when his parent's died unlike his older siblings, at the age of level his uncle J. A. Lagers a barber who was married had adopted him. Within a year of living with his uncle, Muriel soon became an apprentice for another relative named Juan Del Castillo. Juan was considered a mediocre painter but a great teacher, they painted paintings for a living and sold them at local fairs and sometimes even sent off to be traded into America.Whi le being under the study of Juan his relative he learned about Flemish Painting, which was a technique used in the 20th century on paintings, they applied layers of a substance that kept the image fresh for years. When Muriel turned 17 he was working independently painting small, religious compositions for the Latin American market, continuing the selling techniques taught to him when he was young. He then started to create a name for himself, selling his paintings at these markets or fairs.Muriel went to the school of Antwerp where he learned how to be more of an advance painter; they mainly learned Baroque paintings that he continued to carry on threw out his art career. During the time he was an apprentice for his relative and attending school, he found interest in other forms of art and artist that inspired him o be more creative and diverse in his paintings. In 1940 Muriel moved to Cadis, he then became Van Dyke's pupil, learning and studying Van Dyke's work he gained an Intere st in studying other masters of art.Muriel set out to travel to study other great masters of art, he found himself involved with the kings painter Velasquez, during his stay there of three years he studied the masterpieces of Titian, Everyone, Tinderbox, and Rueben. In 1645 Muriel moved back to Seville, this Is where the beginning of his career really started. During the year 1 645 he got married to Beaters De Caber y Estimator, during his year he also accomplished 1 1 great masterpieces for the Franciscan monastery In Seville.Because of his 11 paintings he became well known and recognized for his religious paintings, most paintings would be of, Jesus, Vulgar Marry, birth of Christ, Angels, the healing pool, and a few paintings of his family and paintings of the poor In Seville. When he had painted these paintings for the Franciscan, It generated more work for him at cathedrals, churches, hospital, and for private Individuals. Eventually became President of the academy. By 1665 Muri el had enrolled into the Brotherhood Of Charity, by this time Muriel had nine children and only five of them continued in his religious paths.During this time he was enrolled into the Brotherhood, he really flourished and became active in his pieces of art, he had received several demented Jobs and requests, one of them was the infamous painting of the Santa Maria la Blanch which was completed in 1665 and many other commissioned works as well. By this time in his life he had worked nearly 50 years to become one of the most famous Spanish Braque's Painters in the 20th century, it was unfortunate for many when he passed away on April 3 1682.Little did Muriel know that on April 3 1682 while he was working in the Capuchin church of Cadis, that he was going to fall off of a scaffold which lead to sever and permanent injuries that would put him to rest a year later in Seville. A couple of his most inspiring pieces are the Christ Healing the Paralytic at The Pool of Bethesda and The Protes tant Son. The fist image that is very religious and comes from a piece of the bible is Christ Healing the Paralytic at The Pool of Bethesda; it resides in the National Gallery in London.Muriel painted this original painting between 1667 to 1670 unfortunately nice Muriel rarely dated his artwork, actual dates on most pieces is unknown. Christ Healing the Paralytic is Oil on canvas and its dimensions are 237 by 261 centimeter. The painting is presented in the National Gallery of Arts in memory of W. Graham Robertson in 1950. Muriel had painted this originally for the church belonging to the hospital of the Cardiac in Seville, which Muriel happened to be apart of this Brotherhood, which aided in the sick and poor of his native city Seville.The painting represents a piece from the bible, a very strong passage, which is well known in the Christian religion. It is from the New Testament John 5, in the passage it states: † In these lay a great multitude of impotent folk, of blind, ha lt, withered, waiting for the moving of the water. For an angel went down at a certain season into the pool, and troubled the water: whosoever then first after the troubling of the water stepped in was made whole of whatsoever disease he had. When Jesus saw him lie, and knew that he had been now a long time in that case, he swath unto him, Wilt thou be made whole?The impotent man answered him, Sir, I have no man, when the water is troubled, to put me into the pool: but while I am coming, another steepest down fore me. Jesus swath unto him, Rise, take up thy bed, and walk. And immediately the man was made whole, and took up his bed, and walked: and on the same day was the Sabbath. † This is what Muriel had painted the image from those exact words above! So strong, detailed, full of background and foreground; he has made a masterpiece that tells an amazing story.Therefore no explanation is really needed which makes this painting so historic, life like and unique. The image to th e left is the image of Christ Healing the Paralytic at The Pool of Bethesda. It is kept at the National Art Gallery in London. As you look into the aground of this beautiful painting you can see many things. On the very top there blue sky threw them. Right in the middle of the clouds off to the right there is a small figure in white, with a yellow glow surrounding it, presumably an angel coming from heaven.As you look below the angel you see the structure of the building. Then as you look towards the middle of the background you can see giant pillars, creating high archways and you can faintly see people walking around. In the Middle of the image you see part of a light blue pool right in the middle. As you look more up front from the pool you see what appears to me some sort of encounter gazebos with two tall skinny pillars and some people laying on the ground right on the steps.As you look to the left you can see a person propped up on his elbow, speaking to a man bent over and is engaged in a conversation. The foreground of the image is three men off to the far left both wearing black shirts, one is wearing a red robe while the other is wearing a yellow robe, standing barely in front of them is Jesus wearing a light purple long sleeved gown with a dark green robe, he is reaching his hand out to a man on the ground. This man appears very ill, skin to the bones and bed ridden, as items lay close.His arms are spread off to each side fingers spread apart, he is facing up looking at Jesus and his mouth is open as he must be saying something to him. To the far right of this man there is the front part of a brown and white dog that is sniffing at the ground. This image shows so much if you look closely at it, it is a brilliant masterpiece and is definitely one of a kind, and so beautiful that it captivates and draws you in with ease. Another great painting my Muriel is called the return of The Prodigal Son, created between 1667 to 1670.It was painted on a canvas w ith oils, the dimensions of the canvas are 236. By 261 centimeters, and it was a gift from the Valor Foundation to the National Gallery of Ireland in the city of Dublin. Muriel was originally commissioned by a church to make this painting for the Hospital De la Cardiac, this painting and others Muriel was commissioned to make for the Hospital and the Church. This painting was one of a whole series on The Prodigal Son and even made a final painting to this series called the Return of The Prodigal Son that is located at The National Gallery of Washington.The series ranged from the birth, to feasting with The Prodigal Son and more, although this is the one that started the series. The original painting of The Prodigal Son was also generated from the bible as well as most of his biblical pieces of art. The story behind this painting is as follows, as Renee Dwell mentioned in her article: â€Å"There was a man who had two sons. The younger one said to his father, father let me have the share of the estate that will come to me. So the father divided the property between them.A few days later, the younger son got together everything he had and left for a distant country where he squandered his money on a life of debauchery. He soon came home to his father and said, I have sinned against heaven ND against you; I no longer deserve to be called your son; treat me as one of your hired men. † So he left the place and went back to his father. While he was still a long way off, his father saw him and was moved with pity. He ran to the boy, clasped him in his arms and kissed him. Then his son said, â€Å"Father, I have sinned against heaven and against you.I no longer deserve to be called your son. † But the father said to his and sandals on his feet. Bring the calf we have been fattening, and kill it; we will celebrate by having a feast. Because this son of mine was dead and has come back to fife; he was lost and is found† (1). The story is as entertaini ng as the painting to the left called The Protestant Son, created around the 1670, is filled with emotions, forgiveness, begging, hope, anger, joy, and worry. As you look in the background you see the sky with dark and light fluffy clouds on the top of the painting.To the right is the beginning of a tall building, as the structure appears to be in the middle of the painting, you see some buildings and possible tress fading if as it disappears into the distance. In the middle of the image to the left there is a man holding an ax with a boy leading a cow, they are align away looking behind them to watch the commotion. To the right there are four adults all dressed nice, they appear to be all females. In the foreground of the image there is a woman in a yellow dress, standing there silently holding a vibrant, elegant robe.In the middle of the foreground you see the father wearing a large droopy red robe hunched over wrapping his arms around his son to embrace him close. His son has fal len to his knees looking up at his father, wearing torn and ragged clothes and rather thin looking, falling into his fathers arms as a small white dog Jumps on his leg. It appears they are standing on a step of some sort; their bodies are in the formation of a triangle, becoming the main focal point of the painting. This painting has so much to say if you look at the body language of everyone and the facial expressions.This artist Muriel was chosen as a topic for this paper, because his work was once famous in the 20 centuries and over time has been forgotten. Muriel has tons of beautiful, individual paintings that most of us never knew existed. Once this image was stumbled upon a couple of weeks ago, the beauty, artistry, realism, naturalistic goings, and even the reality of what life was like in Seville captivated me and hopefully it will captivate you as well. It is important to not forget those who inspire us, as they help us make our own creations.

Biography of Andrea Yates, Murderer of Her Five Children

Biography of Andrea Yates, Murderer of Her Five Children Andrea Yates (born Andrea Kennedy; July 2, 1964) was suffering from extreme postpartum depression when she drowned her five children in a bathtub in 2001. She was convicted of murder at her first trial in 2002 and sentenced to life in prison, but a second trial found her not guilty by reason of insanity. A psychiatrist who testified at her first trial said Yates was â€Å"among the five sickest patients she had ever seen. Fast Facts: Andrea Yates Known For: Drowned her five children in a bathtubBorn: July 2, 1964 in Houston, TexasParents: Jutta Karin Koehler, Andrew Emmett KennedySpouse: Rusty YatesChildren: Noah, John, Paul, Luke, and Mary Early Life Andrea Kennedy was born on July 2, 1964, in Houston, Texas,  the youngest of five children of Jutta Karin Koehler, a German immigrant, and Andrew Emmett Kennedy, whose parents were born in Ireland. She graduated from Milby High School in Houston in 1982. She was the class valedictorian, captain of the swim team, and an officer in the National Honor Society. She completed a two-year pre-nursing program at the University of Houston and graduated in 1986 from the University of Texas School of Nursing in Houston. She worked as a registered nurse at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center from 1986 until 1994. Meets Rusty Yates She and Rusty Yates, both 25, met at their apartment complex in Houston. Andrea, who was usually reserved, initiated the conversation. She hadnt dated until she turned 23, and before meeting Rusty she was recovering from a broken relationship. They eventually moved in together and spent much of their time in religious study and prayer. At their marriage on April 17, 1993, they told their guests that they planned on having as many children as nature provided. In their eight years of marriage, the Yateses had four boys and one girl. Andrea stopped jogging and swimming when she became pregnant with her second child. Friends said she had become reclusive. Her isolation appeared to increase after they decided to homeschool their five children: Noah, John, Paul, Luke, and Mary. Rusty took a job in Florida in 1996, and the family moved into a 38-foot travel trailer in Seminole, Florida. In 1997 they returned to Houston and lived in their trailer because Rusty wanted to live light. The next year, Rusty purchased a 350-square-foot renovated bus as their permanent home. At this point, they had four children, and living conditions were cramped. Michael Woroniecki Rusty purchased their bus from Michael Woroniecki, a traveling minister whose religious views influenced Rusty and Andrea. Rusty agreed with only some of Woronieckis ideas, but Andrea embraced even the most extreme. He preached that a womans role was derived from the sin of Eve and that bad mothers who are bound for hell create bad children who also go to hell. Andrea was so totally captivated by Woroniecki that Rustys and Andreas families were concerned. Suicide Attempts On June 16, 1999, Andrea called Rusty and begged him to come home. He found her shaking involuntarily and chewing on her fingers. The next day, she was hospitalized after she tried to commit suicide by taking an overdose of pills. She was transferred to the Methodist Hospital psychiatric unit and diagnosed with a major depressive disorder. The medical staff described Andrea as evasive in discussing her problems. On June 24 she was prescribed an antidepressant and released. Once home, Andrea didnt take the medication. She began to self-mutilate and refused to feed her children because she felt they were eating too much. She thought there were video cameras in the ceilings and said that the characters on television were talking to her and the children. She told Rusty about the hallucinations, yet neither of them informed Andreas psychiatrist, Dr. Eileen Starbranch, who later told the court at Yates first trial that she ranked her â€Å"among the five sickest patients she had ever seen. On July 20, Andrea put a knife to her neck and begged her husband to let her die. Risks of More Babies Andrea was again hospitalized and stayed in a catatonic state for 10 days. After being treated with injections of drugs that included Haldol, an antipsychotic, her condition improved. Rusty was optimistic about drug therapy because Andrea appeared more like she was when they met. Starbranch warned the Yateses that having another baby might bring on more psychotic behavior. Andrea was placed on outpatient care and prescribed Haldol. Andreas family urged Rusty to buy a home instead of returning Andrea to the cramped space of the bus. He purchased a nice home in a peaceful neighborhood. Once in her new home, Andreas condition improved to the point that she returned to past activities such as swimming, cooking, and some socializing. She also interacted well with her children. She expressed to Rusty that she had strong hopes for the future but still viewed her life on the bus as her failure. Mental Illness Continues In March 2000, Andrea, at Rustys urging, became pregnant and stopped taking the Haldol. On Nov. 30, 2000, Mary was born. Andrea was coping but on March 12 her father died, and her mental state regressed. She stopped talking, refused liquids, mutilated herself, and would not feed Mary. She also frantically read the Bible. At the end of March, Andrea was admitted to a different hospital. Her new psychiatrist treated her briefly with Haldol but discontinued it, saying that she did not seem psychotic. Andrea was released only to return again in May. She was released again after 10 days and in her last follow-up visit, her psychiatrist told her to think positive thoughts and to see a psychologist. Tragedy On June 20, 2001, Rusty left for work and before his mother arrived to help, Andrea began to put into action the thoughts that had consumed her for two years. She filled the tub with water and, beginning with Paul, systematically drowned the three youngest boys, then placed them on her bed and covered them. Mary was left floating in the tub. The last child alive, her firstborn, 7-year-old son Noah, asked his mother what was wrong with Mary, then turned and ran away. Andrea caught him and as he screamed, she dragged him and forced him into the tub next to Marys floating body. He fought desperately, coming up for air twice, but Andrea held him down until he was dead. Leaving Noah in the tub, she brought Mary to the bed and laid her in the arms of her brothers. Conviction During Andreas confession, she explained her actions by saying that she wasnt a good mother, the children were not developing correctly, and she needed to be punished. Her controversial 2002 trial lasted three weeks. The jury found Andrea guilty of capital murder, but rather than recommending the death penalty, they voted for life in prison. Andrea would have been eligible for parole in 2041, at the age of 77. Retrial Ordered In January 2005 a Houston appeals court granted Yates a new trial, ruling that a prosecution experts false testimony about the television program Law Order required a retrial. The expert, Dr. Park Dietz, a psychiatrist, had testified that Yates was psychotic at the time of the murders but knew right from wrong, meaning she wasnt insane under Texas definition of legal insanity.   On cross-examination, Dietz, a consultant on Law Order, a program Yates was known to watch, said the show had aired an episode regarding a woman with postpartum depression who drowned her children in the bathtub and was found insane, and it was aired shortly before the crime occurred, according to The New York Times. There was no such episode, a falsehood discovered after the jury convicted Yates. After learning about the false testimony during the sentencing hearing, the jury had rejected the death penalty and sentenced Yates to life in prison. On July 26, 2006, at the second trial, a Houston jury of six men and six women found Yates not guilty of murder by reason of insanity. She was sent to Kerrville State Hospital in Kerrville, Texas, for an indefinite stay and has consistently waived a review of her status, the only way she could be released.   Legacy The case ignited a national debate about mental illness, postpartum depression, and the legal definition of insanity in Texas. One of Yates lawyers called the verdict in the second trial a â€Å"watershed event in the treatment of mental illness.† True crime author Suzy Spencer’s  Breaking Point, which dealt with the Andrea Yates case, was initially published just after the murders and was updated in 2015. Spencer said in an interview that Yates attorneys claimed after the second trial that a public better educated about postpartum depression was one reason the new jury found her not guilty by reason of insanity. Sources Andrea Pia Yates. Murderpedia.org.New Trial for a Mother Who Drowned 5 Children. The New York Times.Where is Andrea Yates now? ABC13.com.

Biography of Betsy Ross, American Icon

Biography of Betsy Ross, American Icon Betsy Ross (January 1, 1752–January 30, 1836) was a colonial seamstress who is usually credited with creating the first American flag. During the American Revolution, Ross made flags for the navy. After her death, she became a model of patriotism and a key figure in the legend of early American history. Fast Facts Known For: According to legend, Betsy Ross made the first American flag in 1776.Also known As: Elizabeth Griscom Ross, Elizabeth Ashburn, Elizabeth ClaypooleBorn: January 1, 1752 in Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaParents: Samuel and Rebecca James GriscomDied: January 30, 1836 in Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaSpouse(s): John Ross (m. 1773-1776), Joseph Ashburn (m. 1777–1782), John Claypoole (m. 1783–1817)Children: Harriet Claypoole, Clarissa Sidney Claypoole, Jane Claypoole, Aucilla Ashburn, Susannah Claypoole, Elizabeth Ashburn Claypoole, Rachel Claypoole Early Life Betsy Ross was born Elizabeth Griscom in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on January 1, 1752. Her parents were Samuel and Rebecca James Griscom. Ross was the great-granddaughter of a carpenter, Andrew Griscom, who had arrived in New Jersey in 1680 from England. As a youth, Ross likely attended Quaker schools and learned needlework there and at home. When she married John Ross, an Anglican, in 1773, she was expelled from the Friends Meeting for marrying outside the meeting. She eventually joined the Free Quakers, or Fighting Quakers, who did not adhere strictly to the historic pacifism of the sect. The Free Quakers supported the American colonists in their struggle against the British crown. Ross and her husband began an upholstery business together, drawing on her needlework skills. John was killed in January 1776 on militia duty when gunpowder exploded at the Philadelphia waterfront. After his death, Ross acquired property and kept up the upholstery business, making flags for the Pennsylvania Navy and tents, blankets, and other materials for the Continental Army. The Story of the First Flag According to legend, Ross made the first American flag in 1776 after a visit in June from George Washington, Robert Morris, and her husbands uncle, George Ross. She demonstrated to them how to cut a five-pointed star with a single clip of the  scissors if the fabric were folded correctly. This story was not told until 1870 by Rosss grandson William Canby, and even he claimed that it was a story that needed confirmation (a few other seamstresses from that era also claimed to have made the first American flag). Most scholars agree that it was likely not Ross who made the first flag, though she was a flagmaker who, according to historian Marla Miller, was paid in 1777 by the Pennsylvania State Navy Board for making Ships [sic] Colours, c. After Rosss grandson told his story of her involvement with the first flag, it quickly became legend. First published in Harpers Monthly in 1873, the story was included in many school textbooks by the mid-1880s. The story became popular for several reasons. For one, changes in womens lives, and social recognition of such changes, made discovering a founding mother to stand alongside the founding fathers attractive to the American imagination. Betsy Ross was not only a widow making her own way in life with her young child- she was twice widowed during the  American Revolution- but she was also earning a living in the traditionally female occupation of a seamstress. (Notice that her abilities to buy and manage land never made it into her legend, and are ignored in many biographies.) Another factor in the Ross legend was growing patriotic fever connected with the American flag. This required a tale that was more than just a business transaction, such as the (plausible but disputed) story of Francis Hopkinson, who allegedly created the stars-and-stripes design for the flag along with the design for the first U.S. coin. Finally, the growing advertising industry made the image of a woman with a flag popular and used it to sell a variety of products (even flags). Second and Third Marriages In 1777, Ross married sailor Joseph Ashburn, who had the misfortune of being on a ship captured by the British in 1781. He died in prison the following year. In 1783, Ross married again. This time her husband was John Claypoole, who had been in prison with Joseph Ashburn and who had met Ross when he delivered Josephs farewells to her. She spent the following decades, with help from her daughter Clarissa, making flags and banners for various departments of the U.S. government. In 1817, her husband died after a long illness and Ross soon retired from work to live with her daughter Susanna on a farm outside of Philadelphia. During the final years of her life, Ross went blind, though she continued to attend Quaker meetings. Death Betsy Ross died on January 30, 1836, at the age of 84. She was reburied in the Free Quaker Burying Ground in 1857. In 1975, the remains were moved once again and reinterred on the grounds of the Betsy Ross House in Philadelphia. Legacy After her death, Ross became a prominent character in the story of Americas founding while many other stories of womens involvement in the American Revolution were forgotten or ignored. Like Johnny Appleseed and Paul Bunyan, she is now one of the countrys most prominent folk heroes. Today, a tour of Betsy Rosss home in Philadelphia (there is some doubt about its authenticity, too) is a must-see when visiting historical sites. The home, established with the aid of 2 million 10-cent contributions by American schoolchildren, is a unique and informative place. One can begin to see what home life was like for families in the early colonial era and remember the disruption and inconvenience, even tragedy, that war brought to women as well as to men during the American Revolution. Even if she did not make the first American flag, Ross was still an example of what many women of her time found as the reality in times of war: widowhood, single motherhood, independently managing household and property, and quick remarriage for economic reasons. As such, she is emblematic of this unique period of American history. Sources Glass, Andrew. â€Å"Congress Redesigns U.S. Flag, April 4, 1818.† Politico, 4 Apr. 2017.Leepson, Marc. Flag: an American Biography. Thomas Dunne Books, 2006.Miller, Marla R. Betsy Ross and the Making of America. St. Martins Griffin, 2011.